How Many Units Of Request Does It Take Towing Rite?

Azure Cosmos DB supports various APIs, including SQL, MongoDB, Cassandra, Gremlin, and Table. Each API has its own set of Request Units (RUs), which are used for throughput and performance. When writing an item to Cosmos, you spend RU’s, and DynamoDB needs to consume additional write request units.

When estimating the number of request units to reserve for your Azure Cosmos DB container, consider factors such as item size and the total number of RUs needed for database operations. If you plan to use Azure Cosmos DB in serverless mode, estimate how many RUs and GB of storage you may consume on a monthly basis. With the serverless option, you are charged only for the request units (RUs) that your database operations consume and for the storage that your data consumes.

The Total Request Units metric is used to get the request units usage for different types of operations. As you start to figure out the capacity you need, remember it’s a per second. For example, if you provision 400 RU/second and issue a query that costs 40 RU, you will be able to issue 10 requests per second.

A strongly consistent read request of an item up to 4 KB requires one read unit, while an eventually consistent read request of an item up to 4 KB requires one-half read units. A local towing company provides towing, roadside assistance, off-road recovery, and light equipment hauling in Essex, Middle River, and on I-95 to Joppa.


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What is ru consumption?

The Normalized RU Consumption metric is a metric used to measure the utilization of provisioned throughput on a database or container. It is emitted at 1 minute intervals and is defined as the maximum utilization across all partition key ranges in the time interval. Each partition key range maps to one physical partition and is assigned to hold data for a range of possible hash values. The higher the Normalized RU percentage, the more the provisioned throughput has been utilized.

The metric can also be used to view the utilization of individual partition key ranges on a database or container. For example, if a container has an autoscale max throughput of 20, 000 RU/s and two partition key ranges (P1 and P2), the overall normalized RU consumption of the entire container is MAX(60, 80) = 80. To view request unit consumption at a per second interval and operation type, users can use the opt-in feature Diagnostic Logs and query the PartitionKeyRUConsumption table.

To get a high-level overview of operations and status code on the Azure Cosmos DB resource, users can use the built-in Azure Monitor Total Requests, Mongo Requests, Gremlin Requests, or Cassandra Requests metric.

What is the minimum RU for Cosmos DB?

The Azure Cosmos DB free tier account limits the minimum RU/s for a shared throughput database with up to 25 containers to 400 RU/s. Per-account limits also apply to free tier accounts. To take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support, users should upgrade to Microsoft Edge. Azure Cosmos DB allows users to manage data by creating databases, containers, and items after creating an account under their subscription.

What are the three parts of a request?

An HTTP request consists of three components: the request line, headers, and message body. The request line, or start line, is sent by the client to initiate the server’s action. It includes an HTTP method, a request-target (URI or URL), and the HTTP version that defines the structure of the remaining message. The URI is an identifier for a specific page, while the URL identifies the resource to be accessed.

How to calculate cosmos ru?
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How to calculate cosmos ru?

To estimate the cost of queries per region, use the average cost of queries or enter the Request Units (RU/s) from Azure portal query stats. The average cost is estimated at 10 RU/s per region, which can be adjusted based on the estimated query charge. Upgrading to Microsoft Edge offers the latest features, security updates, and technical support. Estimating request units using vCores or vCPUs is essential for data migration to Azure Cosmos DB.

Configuring Azure Cosmos DB databases and containers with the right amount of provisioned throughput (RU/s) is crucial for optimizing cost and performance. The Azure Cosmos DB capacity planner can be used to estimate the required RU/s and cost of your workload when using Azure Cosmos DB for NoSQL.

What are request units?

Azure Cosmos DB uses Request Units (RUs) as a performance currency to measure system resources needed for database operations. RUs are used for write, point read, and query operations, regardless of the API used. The Azure Cosmos DB Capacity Calculator can be used to model throughput costs. RUs are deterministic for a given database operation over a dataset, and the response header can be examined to track the number of RUs consumed by any database operation. Understanding factors affecting RU charges and application throughput requirements can help manage application costs effectively.

Why is cosmos db so expensive?
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Why is cosmos db so expensive?

Azure Cosmos DB is a global, multi-model database by Microsoft Azure that offers low latency, high-throughput data access, and is crucial for modern applications requiring agility, security, and compliance. It supports diverse data models, global distribution, flexible consistency models, automatic scaling, and comprehensive SLAs. Its multi-API support, including SQL, MongoDB, Cassandra, Gremlin, and Table, enhances versatility.

Understanding Azure Cosmos DB pricing is essential for businesses and developers, enabling cost management, resource allocation optimization, scalability planning, and informed decision-making. Pricing models charge for compute, storage, and bandwidth usage.

What is RU data?
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What is RU data?

A rack unit is a unit of measure defined as 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches (44. 45 mm) and is commonly used to measure the overall height of 19-inch and 23-inch rack frames and equipment that mounts in these frames. The standard rack specification, EIA -310, and Eurocard also define a standard rack unit as the unit of height and horizontal pitch (HP) for measuring the width of rack-mounted equipment. The standard was adopted worldwide as IEC 60297 Mechanical structures for electronic equipment, which defines the sizes for rack, subrack, and the pitch of printed circuit boards/cards.

A front panel or filler panel in a rack is not an exact multiple of the rack unit height, as it is 1 ⁄ 32 inches (0. 03125 in or 0. 794 mm) less in height than the full number of rack units would imply. For example, a 1U front panel would be 1 23 ⁄ 32 inches (1. 71875 in or 43. 66 mm) tall. The ideal formula for panel height is h = (1. 75 n − 0. 031) for calculating in inches and (44. 45 n − 0. 794) for calculating in millimeters. Manufacturing allows for dimensions with less precision.

What is an RU?
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What is an RU?

Rack units (RU) are a unit of measurement used to measure the vertical height of 19-inch and 23-inch rack frames and server equipment. They are expressed as multiples of the height of frames or servers. Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM) software is used for data center asset and capacity management to track the number of RUs available for deployment and the number of RUs each asset consumes. Rack units fragmentation is a metric tracked in DCIM software that shows the number of “big chunks” available for installation items or the fragmentation of a data center.

The chart shows the number of items that can be installed in a selected location if all items had an RU height, with each bar representing a specific RU size. As equipment size increases, capacity decreases, and a smooth decline in bar graphs is essential to avoid running out of space due to fragmented space into smaller RUs.

What is the ru limit for cosmos serverless?

A serverless container has a maximum throughput of 5, 000 RU/s to 20, 000 RU/s, depending on the number of partitions in the container. The ideal scenario for a 1-TB dataset is 20, 000 RU/s, but the available throughput can exceed this. To benefit from the latest features, security updates, and technical support, upgrade to Microsoft Edge. For Azure Cosmos DB pricing based on resources used, choose the Azure Cosmos DB serverless account type. This option charges only for the request units (RUs) consumed by database operations and storage, allowing for thousands of requests per second without minimum charges or capacity planning.

What is the maximum RU for Cosmos DB serverless?

A serverless container can store up to 1 TB of data and indexes, with a maximum throughput ranging from 5, 000 RU/s to 20, 000 RU/s. Upgrading to Microsoft Edge offers the latest features, security updates, and technical support. Azure Cosmos DB pricing is based on the resources used, with serverless accounts charging only for the request units (RUs) consumed by database operations and storage. Serverless containers can serve thousands of requests per second without minimum charges or capacity planning. The cost of every database operation in Azure Cosmos DB is expressed in RUs, depending on the account type.

What are the two types of requests?
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What are the two types of requests?

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) methods are employed to transmit requests to web servers. The most prevalent methods are GET and POST. Additional methods include HEAD, PUT, DELETE, CONNECT, and OPTIONS. The GET and POST methods are widely supported, whereas other methods are sometimes limited but are becoming increasingly available. The data may be viewed, searched, sorted, or filtered without necessitating a change in the underlying structure.


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How Many Units Of Request Does It Take Towing Rite?
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Pramod Shastri

I am Astrologer Pramod Shastri, dedicated to helping people unlock their potential through the ancient wisdom of astrology. Over the years, I have guided clients on career, relationships, and life paths, offering personalized solutions for each individual. With my expertise and profound knowledge, I provide unique insights to help you achieve harmony and success in life.

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  • When you have to deal with the DOT inspections, Your going to be in for a major surprise, I have recently retired for trucking and I can tell you as soon as you put a USDOT and MC number on your P/U you are then open for regs and restrictions like youve never even dreamed of. ELDs or Log books, hours of service, truck maint logs, Your CDL physical ( $200.00 and up ) . You can go through the same inspection port every day and in most cases the Inspections differ depending on who our what there are after that day!!! By the time I retired I was just sick of the government B/S. Ive used great restraint in my comments the best I good lol.

  • And People wonder why no one wants to drive for a living anymore. I have driven semi’s going on 26 years and it just keeps getting worse and worse. I can’t wait for the day I can finally get out of the truck. Not because I don’t love trucking because I do its all of the government over stepping the boundaries saying its about safety when its getting more and more unsafe out here every day. Its all about revenue and control and disguised as a safety issue.

  • I’ve been through this whole racket with dot One in ten competitors are in compliance if you are 26000 gvwr or less and it sure makes it hard to compete. In this article they don’t even talk about all the employee records and paperwork bs You can have a 1/2 mile radius driving company and it’s like your hauling nuclear waste

  • You want to hear something funny. I was a paramedic for 12+ years working private EMS. We did not have to comply with any of that stuff. No commercial licenses, no DOT physicals, no drug testing, no commercial DOT numbers, fuel stickers. We had a 2 hour CEVO driving class and that was it to run “Hot”. Same thing with the fire guys. They are running those Engines, Tankers, and Ladders with absolutely no regulations and very little training.

  • So after they check us for all these requirements, make sure the cop doesn’t leave. Because now it’s time to check his vehicle for any requirements I’ve deemed necessary to ensure safety in the market. And if his vehicle fails my inspection, his car gets towed. I will then mail him an invoice and instructions on how to get his vehicle released. How’s that sound?

  • Have question. Because the Weight class of a vehicle has nothing to do with commercial. Commercial applies if the vehicle is making money. The weight class of a vehicle has more to do with the class of your drivers license. That’s where non-CDL license and CDL license come in to play. Because here’s an example you can have your regular class C license drive a vehicle that weighs no more than 3000 pounds but because you’re using it to make money to escort oversize trucks you are required to have a DOT number on the side of it. PS and in New York you have to have a escorting certificate to be legal to escort oversize vehicles as well as a DOT number. And because you have that DOT number you still have to log your mileage and state lines log your hours.

  • I don’t know why this is my favorite series. I guess I’ve drove big truck. It’s very interesting keep up the great work. It allows the homeowner know what they can and cannot do. If a pickup truck gross 30000 is that too heavy LOL have a great day sometimes I think farmers get away with a little too much LOL

  • Love how you edited the various decals onto the door. Trooper Hoover is great, seems like he has a fair amount of teaching experience too. I disagree with Christy, you should not have bought an F250, you should have bought a Tundra. That’s a joke, the F250 is a great truck, but I do love my Tundra. Should have bought an orange one though. (Wink!)

  • I’m an owner operator and to speak on the IFTA part you are required to file a quarterly fuel tax report stating how many gallons of fuel you purchased in each state you drove in or through. If the states has the same fuel tax rate then you will not pay any extra just file the report and they will transfer the tax from the fuel you bought in one state to the other for the miles you ran in the other state, but if you buy fuel in a lower tax state and travel in a higher tax state you will have to pay the difference on the tax at the end of that quarter for the miles you run in that state. The mess you have to go through to haul commercially is ridiculous and if you ask 3 different people on what you need you might get 3 different answers, depending on there interpretation of the law.

  • If you are a new commercial semi owner. I am not but have been curious about this forever. Do you have to have an IFTA sticker on the semi for every state you travel in or just a sticker from your home state? The truck would be a mess of green stickers and no room for the name of the company if you had to put the IFTA on there for every state you travel through.

  • Depending on your state you may not need a DOT number need until 26k GVWR until you try to cross a state line then its 10k GVWR. The laws on this are way too complicated and not very clear about including RVs. If you own a semi-truck for personal use that weights $80k lbs, do you need a DOT number and Class A CDL?

  • INYS DOT Inspections are over the top! In the past I had a trooper spend 40min trying to find a violation with a brand new dump truck. He ended up writing a ticket for unsecured load over a igloo lunch box on the passenger side floor. The worst part the judge wouldn’t throw the ticket out. It cost $300 for that lunch box. That was it for me shortly after the trucks and trailers went off the e road. Now I just pay an independent to move my equipment. It is a pita at times because I cant always get where I want to be in the time frame I want. I’m fine with the decision however it’s a lot less stress. As for material delivery, no one in my area has ever been able to compete with the local pit for delivery. They deliver cheap and charging any less than what they charge for delivering the product they produce would be a loss. It shouldn’t have to be this way. I understand legitimate safety issues but things like $180 for every oil spot under the truck – ridiculous!

  • Looks like that’s exactly why Ford Made the F250 at a 10,000 lb GVWR. Don’t bother going for the heavy tow package because that bumps up the GVWR over 10k lbs by a few hundred. Not sure that combo weight of truck and trailer over 10k is correct. Plenty of UHaul trucks w/car trailers exceed that easily, just not over 26,000 CGVWR.

  • There is one more regulation for the fire extinguisher: It has to be secured. If you travel in multiple states, there is a nice piece of software called “Trucking Office” that using a device like Garmin will automatically track miles by state and will prepare the IFTA returns for you. Here’s the deal, as I understand it, you fuel up in a state with a HIGH diesel tax but only drive 10 miles and then drive 300 miles in a state with a LOW diesel tax but buy no fuel. You will get a “refund” from the first state and “pay” tax in the second state. The tax is apportioned among the states based on miles driven and tax paid. Simple? No! BUT those ELD’s that the drivers hate do a good job of doing a lot of the calculations. We operate, I would guess, in more than 15 states. Done by hand, the IFTA returns would take easily 5 – 6 hours. Now with the software it takes 15 minutes.

  • Lots of people use thier vehicle for both comercial and pleasure use but its not nice say pulling up at a wedding with your company name plastered all over so they get the company decal etc made on a magntic vynal sticker so you can take it off and on when necessary. Not good for aluminium unfortunately

  • Now you know what we go through every year just to keep moving freight. Do you go by any scales because you will need to stop at everyone that is open. Plus you get the joys of the csa score any violations will go on that for two years. And make sure every t is crossed because not all dot officers are as nice as he is. Do oh need to get a electric logging device?

  • And you must fill out a log book everyday for the rest of your life, and get CDL which means physical, hope you pass. Let’s not forget about hours of service I think it’s 11 with mandatory lunch break in middle. Or here’s what you do. Do not put truck in company name personal only. When your driving your just driving as any other person. If you get caught pulling mini ex or skid steer tell them your home owner not for hire or get temp mag stickers with info only use them if pulling something that’s looks commercial and carry log book fill out 7 day prior off duty fill out that day accurately. I had 30 min discussion about this with head dot trooper in UT last year. After my 16 year old was stopped and told he couldn’t drive my F550 because no CDL. They make us into criminals so except what you’ve become. A renegade trucker. Play by there stupid rules or dodge cops and denounce them forever. Life under the black flag. Welcome to the club. I ain’t puttin no sticker on my door.

  • So, you get your truck inspected one day. A week later something goes amiss on the truck that you have no clue about. Bingo, ticket time. I can understand someone pulling 15 tons or so, these laws are sometimes money makers. If your not a mechanic, then, well…. I used to live in Illinois, for a while there they did away with pickup truck inspection. There’s just to many variables for the average Joe. Just my opinion. I used to be a mechanic.

  • Hi Tim, Operating in the class where you become a commercial vehicle crossing the state lines opens up a huge can of worms. While Trooper Hoover made it sound easy, it unfortunately isn’t. I think your viewers would like a series of articles starting with the complete list of the steps you need to do, and a article going over each one or two of those steps. Also, I’m sure the insurance requirements also become very complicated and costly as well. Might make you want to go back to your Honda Ridgeline pickup and stay in state!

  • But 90yr olds driving 40′ Rv’s and hicks hauling 30′ horse trailers to go camping are all off the hook. They are much more dangerous than someone hauling a bobcat with an f-350. It really makes me mad to think about. I’ve seen people with huge pull behind campers that can’t even back them up safely. Oh, also don’t forget your required DOT physical. I didn’t hear that mentioned.

  • IRP plares=$2000. UCR=$60 minimum, 2290 IRS heavy highway usage tax=$550. IFTA=taxes quarterly for miles and fuel burned in each state-they all get some of that pie. Local drug screening consortium $220 for solo O/O. Commercial carrier insurance with excellent credit score and driving record=$1000 month with 25% upfront . MC /DOT numbers-I believe it was $300 to file-itntrastate MC/DOT numbers were free in Florida. BOC 3 filing was free If i remember right. Then theres separate quartly tax filings for Kentucky, Oregon, new Mexico and new york based on equipment value, miles driven and weight. Income tax quartly if you want to pay yourself. Then theres tires, brake pads and parts, fuel and fluids, log books and office supplies, don’t forget to do your laundry and try to eat healthy. Good luck tim

  • Then you get to pay someone to have you as part of a drug consortium so you can do DOT required random drug testing. Then you get to keep up with your driver files, daily inspections and hours of duty status, and don’t forget your medical card. Gonna need a Class A CDL if that truck and trailer combo GVWR goes over 26,0000lbs AND the trailer is rated for more than 10,000lbs.

  • These are just a few things commercial pickup trucks need to know. A couple of things not mentioned are mandatory e-logs, load securement, CDL’s, and commercial insurance. The same rules that apply to big trucks also applies to commercial pickups and even cars if carrying hazmat which requires a CDL endorsement. It surprises me to learn many commercial pickup truck drivers do not have CDL licenses even just pulling travel trailers.

  • Coming from the enforcement side and transitioning into the private hotshot industry, I get the govt regulations. I know it’s a lot and I don’t agree with the many regulations but the trooper was cool, honest and transparent. Many agencies don’t allow their troopers to do articles like this. Thank you for the information and love the Bible verse at the end. God bless.

  • Just be thankful you weren’t pulled over on the side of the road in the wrong . The look on my face was the same as yours . Had no company name or dot numbers on truck, no inspection on truck or trailer, and i was well above needing a cdl with a f550 and a 7k trailer . Thank the lord I was pulled over by an extremely understanding officer. It definately made for a bad Monday with a week full of jobs I couldn’t drive to .

  • My chevy 3500hd has a gvw of 13,000. Even though it is titled as a non comercial vehicle i still had to get the following. A physical card DOT inspection A sign that say NOT FOR HIRE. Traveled threw West Virginia and was pulled over for a DOT. Also had to get a State inspection. Most states do not consider a toyhauler trailer an RV. You will get pulled over.

  • In my city it was so much easier to just break the rules as far as loads went, and that was 10 – 15 years ago, now it is even easier with so few DOT/Regular cops on the roads.. I went from city to town, about 40 minutes each way, and would usually load about 140,000 lbs of scrap. That road i took for 14 yeara, i never ever saw a cop. DOT o regular. Would i do all of these illegal things now in my 30s? No. Then i was in my 20s, without much care.

  • So I have a 2012 Chevy Silverado 3500HD that has been derated through a special order with GM. The VIN sticker in the door shows a GVWR of 10,000 lbs. I am looking to start a car, motorcycle and cargo transporting business. I plan to use an aluminum trailer rated 10,000 lbs. The GCVWR of the truck is 20,500 lbs. I will be based in Alabama but I may travel to MS, TN, KY, NC and SC. Do I need the DOT stickers? Do I need to stop at weight stations?

  • Here in NY, a DOT cop pulled me over and asked if what I was hauling was for pay. If so, I needed a DOT number, a company name on the side of the truck like this guy said. My pick up has a GVWR of 11,300 lbs, my trailer GVWR is 14,000 lbs for a combined rating of 25,300. He said I’m 700 lbs away from needing a class A license That’s for tractor trailers. So I’d need a CDL, and medical card. What that guy said about buying a truck and trailer and not needing a CDL if you don’t haul for money is wrong, at least here in the people’s republic of NY. They don’t care if you’re loaded or empty. If the combined ratings are more than 26,000 lbs you need a class A. So if you want to get a heavier capacity trailer just to be “safe” be prepared for an unpleasant experience at a DOT stop. They could very easily impound your combo and make you get somebody with a proper license. Of course, a lot depends on the attitude the cop gets from the driver. They’re holding all the cards so getting snotty with them will only guarantee they’ll throw the book at you and cost you a lot of time and money.

  • I have a 3500 dually I use to pull my skid-steer. its on a trailer rated at 17000llbs. the skid-steer with bucket weighs 12000lbs. this is really my personal wheelbarrow since I’ve had 3 back surgeries. the only time its put on the trailer is to take it in for service. I’ve never made a dime with it. I wonder where this falls according to the law. I’m a retired pipe welder.

  • If towing anything of 10,001 lbs+ not exceeding GVWR 26001 you required to have a CDL. Here in Arkansas you are required to obtain a CDL W/Type K Restriction. Which means no air brakes but pulling more than 10001 K. It gets so confusing. Also if you now have your company name on your vehicle you must have a totally different insurance. As standard insurance wouldn’t cover if they found you are using the vehicle for business purposes. I understand all these rules but it sure makes it very expensive for a small 1 or 2 person business to make a profit if this is not a full time job.

  • §383.91 Commercial motor vehicle groups. (a) Vehicle group descriptions. Each driver applicant must possess and be tested on his/her knowledge and skills, described in subpart G of this part, for the commercial motor vehicle group(s) for which he/she desires a CDL. The commercial motor vehicle groups are as follows: Combination vehicle (Group A)—Any combination of vehicles with a gross combination weight rating (GCWR) of 11,794 kilograms or more (26,001 pounds or more) provided the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is in excess of 4,536 kilograms (10,000 pounds). Heavy Straight Vehicle (Group B)—Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 11,794 kilograms or more (26,001 pounds or more), or any such vehicle towing a vehicle not in excess of 4,536 kilograms (10,000 pounds) GVWR. Small Vehicle (Group C)—Any single vehicle, or combination of vehicles, that meets neither the definition of Group A nor that of Group B as contained in this section, but that either is designed to transport 16 or more passengers including the driver, or is used in the transportation of hazardous materials as defined in §383.5. Maybe I misunderstood, but you don’t need a CDL if you vehicle is over 10,001 pounds. It must be more than 26,001 pounds, or if you are towing more than 10,001 pounds to require a CDL class A that is. With that said, the newer half ton trucks are capable of hauling several thousand pounds more than 10,001 pounds, so you would still need a CDL if your hauling thoughts kind of loads for profit.

  • But to be clear, a combination greater than 10,001 GVWR but UNDER 26,000 GVWR is NOT required to be associated with IFTA. Maybe I missed the Trooper’s comments but I don’t think he expanded on those specific details. The power unit having 3 axles is also a criteria that if met requires the vehicle to register through IFTA. So, Tim, if you want to avoid IFTA – you may look at downsizing your combination below 26K. You can avoid: IRP, CDL, IFTA. You still must follow all other pertinent regs as the Trooper described. Much less hassle though.

  • Trooper Hoover stated in the previous article that you would be considered commercial if using the vehicle was your “primary source of income”, not true! If you are towing ANYTHING that can or does make you money, according to the trooper that pulled over my buddy with a horse trailer, then you are required to have a CDL and DOT numbers on your vehicle. That trooper did not mention if the power unit was over 10,001 or not, but if the combined weight is over 26,000, potential, then you are also required to have the previously mention license and numbers. You could have a 9,800# truck and a 17,000# RATED trailer, even if it’s empty, and need the CDL.

  • My understanding is a truck, even with a GVWR greater than 10,000 lbs., does NOT require a DOT number if it isn’t being used to haul for conpensation or hire. It’s confusing because most states require pickup trucks to display “commercial” license plates. But that doesn’t make them a commercial vehicle for DOT registration requirements. Same words, different meanings. The DOT requirement clearly states, over 10,000 lbs GVWR AND … “when being used for compensation or hire”. Clear as mud.

  • There is a lot of gray area in northern Indiana and all over USA regarding those pick up truck drivers who are delivering campers from a manufacturer to dealerships nationwide. Carriers who these pick up truck drivers lease on to are allowing the drivers to remove the DOT placards, log off duty, and tells them to bypass weigh stations, etc. How does this work legally if the trucks weight is over 10,001 lbs and the fact there is a lease agreement on the truck as a CMV? Maybe you could do a segment specifically about one way camper haulers in pick up trucks? Thanks.

  • One of the things that was not mentioned is that states can supersede FMCA rules states and counties can actually make it more complicated if they want and more expensive. States and counties can only increase the demands they cannot make things any easier than FMCA but trust me they will make it beneficial for themselves

  • So what constitutes a “commercial” vehicle? If I drive to Florida to buy and pick up a car I’m buying for my personal use, hauling it on a trailer and pulling it with this very same truck. Does this constitute a “commercial” vehicle since I’m not doing any work for any business, personal use only? To my knowledge, as long as it isn’t being used in a business or commercial setting, none to the federal DOT rules apply to the vehicles. Correct?

  • Well hope Hoover knows the laws a bit better than NM & AZ! My last truck was gas 10,000 gvr for and trailer was 14,000…And AZ got me for no IFTA…I argued ..that I was not required to have it. And i now also have a letter from IFTA…and yes…I was right…Now…under 26,000 and below does now have to do IFTA…unless the power unit has 3 or more axles! How many axles in that truck there!

  • In Florida The DOT never bothers Bus drivers at Walt Disney World. It helps being self insured and that you can give away Park tickets and discount room rates to any politician or office holder in the state. Mechanics always sign off on unrepaired stuff every day Lights, suspension, mirrors. Whatever..

  • I can personally say it go back the way it was 10 years ago. When you were allowed 10000 pounds on the trailer, the vehicle didn’t matter. And it should be that way say if a vehicle can’t hold the way to shouldn’t be made. And I still can’t figure why today’s vehicles are so heavy. When the old ones back then were lighter, what they could haul more weight.

  • Trooper Hoover forgot the authority to operate in a given state which has to be registered for if you are operating state to state. This is a different payment up front for each state and then you pay for the mileage accrued in each state that you drive thru. Some states get you on the fuel tax when you buy diesel in that state and some get you on the mileage you use in the state.

  • So I already pay tax on the fuel That is supposed to go to the roads to keep them maintained why do I got to pay ifta tax a second time that just doesn’t seem right to me, when did just make more sense to raise fuel prices a couple of pennies and that would go towards the road and if I go into the next state over and fill up with fuel there that tax should go to their roads compared to keeping all this extra BS paperwork and employing more people and just doing a lot of extra farting fucking around

  • I can’t tell you how many times I’ve driven thru a DOT checkpoint and there is always two or three f250 sized pickups with a skid loader, small excavator or tractor on a trailer getting a their day ruined and also a huge fine. It’s always a great idea to know your gross weight, and if you are registered and legal to pull that amount of weight.

  • ” Those who are capable of tyranny are capable of perjury to sustain it .” “… only those who have the will and the power to shoot down their fellow men, are the real rulers in this, as in all other (so-called) civilized countries; for by no others will civilized men be robbed, or enslaved .” ― Lysander Spooner, No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority “So these villains, who call themselves governments, well understand that their power rests primarily upon stolen money . With money they can hire soldiers, and with soldiers extort money . And, when their authority is denied, the first use they always make of money, is to hire soldiers to kill or subdue all who refuse them more money .” -The payment of taxes, being compulsory, of course furnishes no evidence that any one voluntarily supports the Constitution . It is true that the theory of our Constitution is, that all taxes are paid voluntarily; that our government is a mutual insurance company, voluntarily entered into by the people with each other; that each man makes a free and purely voluntary contract with all others who are parties to the Constitution, to pay so much money for so much protection, the same as he does with any other insurance company; and that he is just as free not to be protected, and not to pay any tax, as he is to pay a tax, and be protected . But this theory of our government is wholly different from the practical fact . The fact is that the government, like a highwayman, says to a man: Your money, or your life .

  • Gvwr is the potential. My 350 is around 7000lbs. You would have to load the inside of your truck and bed to get to 11000lbs. Who the hell does that. My truck is never 11000lbs. Just another bs they feed you. I don’t do any of this bs. And you’re under 26000 you don’t need a ifta or eld and if you’re with in 12 hrs of your home terminal you don’t need an eld.

  • Man, I’m really kind of confused with some of this information. If you go on the fmcsa website they have a list of 37 states that require Dot numbers on intrastate commercial vehicles. This is what I ran up against in Washington. Indiana is on the list also. What am I missing? Have a great day everyone!

  • So if I have a 9200 GVWR pickup towing a 7000 GVWR trailer with my SCUT… For personal use only – I’m good to go? Even interstate? And if I accept money for a job I’m using the tractor for on someone else’s property – I’m considered commercial and have to jump through all the USDOT hoops? And if I’m over 26000 combined – I need a CDL regardless? Is this correct?

  • In my opinion that’s a lot for a small enterprise using the same type of equipment that an ordinary citizen could be driving especially when you consider that a hotshot driver is a solo operation and already has a ton of expenses to deal with. However I do understand these regulations on large semi trucks as they are a large outfit usually and those things aren’t directly coming out of the driver’s pocket plus those larger trucks are way more likely to cause serious damage and death if involved in a crash

  • So if you get a tow vehicle with a GVWR just under 10,000 lbs., 9,999 lbs. you don’t need a DOT number or comply with any of this. “Stuff”, if you stay under 26,000 lbs. combined GVWR, “power unit” lol er pickup truck with a box, towing a flatbed gooseneck trailer, even if you’re for hire? And you can bypass all the weigh stations legally? Am I getting that right?

  • Mark my words eventually the 26,001 lb max gvwr weight rating will be changed to a higher number. People aren’t going to keep buying these trucks if they aren’t able to pull a trailer without all the bullshit. Because every year Ford Dodge Chevy they keep building bigger more powerful trucks to haul more weight and that’s a sales tactic to where the weights are going up trailer manufacturers are the same way. As soon as the sales drop down enough they will get in with the federal government and they will change that law so their sales can go back up just like they did with the cars went from 8,500 LB to 10,000 lb because of the personal property and have to have it listed as commercial or business because of the over the weight rating of car tags. But it’s all a damn money racket and the small man has no chance in this world abiding by all these rules and regulations that the federal government and has in place.

  • Victor Gregg’s autobiography “Rifleman” includes his experiences during Snipe- he is the last survivor of the engagement. He later joined the Parachute Regiment and was captured at Arnhem and he was also in Dresden when it was bombed. A new edition was released for his 100th birthday and it is a remarkable life story culminating in his activities when the Iron Curtain fell.

  • If you read the Rommel Papers, Rommel’s diaries published after the war by his son Manfred. Rommel had a great deal of admiration for the Italian troops that came under his command. But not much for their senior officers and the Italian Generals who were mostly old school Italian nobility and who had little regard in any way for their men.

  • I can’t believe as a big history fan that it’s taken me until now to discover this website! I’ve been seriously binging on articles for the last 24 hours and this is now THE best history website I’ve ever come across. Lindy is just brilliant at recounting these stories and even his multiple digressions keep me riveted. So much variety in terms of subject too. I’ve just come from perusal “The white headhunter” to some of these WW2 articles. I absolutely LOVE it. 👌👍

  • Excellent presentation Sir! Like spending an evening with a favourite uncle as he regales one with tales of his time in the services. Stories of derring-do, camaraderie and a good brew under withering fire of the enemy. My late maternal grandfather was involved in the 2nd Battle of El Alamein, though he rarely talked of it, only really opening up about it towards the end of his life once I was a little older. So lovely to hear a slightly more upbeat version of it as many of the history books I used to furnish myself of the details he left out were slightly underwhelming of the bravery and gumption shown by the British in their planing and actions of the time. Always a pleasure to listen to you animatedly talk on a subject so obviously close to your heart. So I poured myself a small libation and settled down to an hour of a rather grown up, Boy’s Own version of “Jackanory” with yourself as the host. Here’s hoping that you continue your excellent output in 2020 and beyond.

  • Funny thing about the whole snipe hunting thing, when I was in the boyscouts the scout leaders took us on a few snipe hunts when I was really young and they described a snipe as kind of a brow haired mammal about the size of a skunk that lived high up in trees. I always thought that they had just made the whole thing up and that a snipe was just some fictional animal that had been made up for this kind of thing. so its pretty funny to learn that a snipe is actually a thing and you know … a bird.

  • The equivalent of “Wet” in US English is “Wet Blanket”, i.e. the thing that puts the fire out (using “fire” to represent the thing people what to do). In my experience, a “Snipe Hunt” is an innocuous hunt that newly initiated people aren’t aware doesn’t exist. Snipe Hunts in the USA normally happen on camping trips.

  • My uncle Lewis, 6th Field Regiment, was there when the six miles of Montgomery’s guns turned night into day at the battlefield of El Alamein. As a child growing up uncle Lewis would speak of places far away with names like Benghazi, Mingar Qaim, Ruweisat Ridge, and Mersa Matruh. Uncle Lewis was in on all the big battles in the desert war. Lewis a soldier whose war record documents are still sealed. Hopefully one day Lewis war will be told. R.I.P. LEWIS.

  • Monty’s “ace in the hole” was having just been proclaimed by Churchill as the best new thing since sliced bread (actually made his bones during the debacle by others in France), he was essentially fireproof for months to come. So he was in position to go when he determined he was ready, not when Churchill insisted, and thus waited until he was massively superior.

  • That was rivitting! Thank you. At the beginning, it was merely interesting, but MAN did it get good. And I had no idea snipes were real, because in the U.S., hunting them is not meant to be character building but a reason to make a joke out of the poor guy sent to on one. Your conversion of miles to kilometers, on the other hand . . . Well, to two sig figs, it’s fine. But since you went all out, your last two digits are off. It should be 2.414 016, not 025. Alternatively, it’s also 2 6,469/15,625. TEA!

  • After this, I just HAD to look up “sniper” – and got what I expected. Thank you, Lindybeige. Etymology. The verb “to snipe” originated in the 1770s among soldiers in British India in reference to shooting snipes, which was considered an extremely challenging game bird for hunters. The agent noun “sniper” appears by the 1820s. The term sniper was first attested in 1824 in the sense of the word “sharpshooter”.

  • I remember “snipe hunting” as a prank and in a way like a right of passage, I remember was around 9 when I was told to hide in the bushes while they took the flashlights and tried to scare them my way and I was supposed to catch one, next thing I knew I was alone in the woods at night, I fell victim to one of the classic blunders.

  • What a brilliant article, excellently descriptive and told with passion. It was almost like being there. The only thing I’ve seen outside Lloyd’s website here describing a battle with such passion was Clarkson’s commentary on the St. Nazaire raid – and that’s a real compliment 🙂 Lloyd, have you ever thought of doing a piece on St. Nazaire? You’d be brilliant at it…

  • The experience of a “snipe hunt” as an American kid: You were taken out in the dark with an empty pillow case, and left alone. You were told to hold the pillow case open, low to the ground, and yell “Snipe! Snipe!” This was supposed to lure the snipe into the sack.What exactly a snipe was, was left to the imagination. I imagined it as being a long weaselly creature. Your friends, who supposedly had left you alone, were a short distance away, perusal, repressing laughter and waiting to see how long you would yell “snipe!” in the dark before giving up.

  • Regarding the comments on Montgomery. He beat Rommel in the Battle of Alem el Halfa, before the 2nd Battle of El Alemein. This was when forces were about equal, the Germans having superior tanks, with enough fuel to reach Suez. Montgomery never outran his supply line which Rommel frequently did as did Monty’s predecessors. Montgomery won El Alemein chasing the Germans over 1,000 km to Tunisia. The longest and fastest advance of WW2 over such a distance. He took a quarter of a million prisoners, more than taken at Stalingrad.

  • 12:20 “Hey, we already took these busses. Get your own way to surrendering.” – Italian Surenderers to each other. 19:15 Reminds me of a report I read a while ago: “America did not loose a single tank in Iraq to enemy fire.” That is oddly specific 😉 31:05 Basic Overpenetration. They say it happens to 1 out of 5 hits 😀 The shrapnel propably still killed a few of the wounded. 32:15 If you do not got a decent HE shell, then infantry is indeed very scary. As for “seeing” the enemy: You already said movement threw up a lot of dust. If there is a lot of dust just beind that last hill but no sound of tank engines? Propably Infantry. Time to send in the Battle Taxis! 37:00 So the M13 was used as a distraction? Well, they certainly could do that! 39:30 Exactly because it was so dangerous to move around there, they had such a defensive position. But exactly because it was so hard to move around there no relieve, extraction or resupply cound happen. 44:10 Knives. If you need it released quickly, you just cut the straps. Gravity will get it down. 51:00 If you got overpenetrations, that is rather important for your gun-crew. Overpenetratons tend to not knock out the enemy you were aiming at. 51:45 “They are more scared of you, then you are of them!”

  • 23:00 -ish I feel that most of the “The British 6 pounder was useless” comes from people who have played War Thunder, and in there it is rather terrible, but they also don’t give it it’s best Armor piercing ammo. The devs behind War Thunder definitely seem to have a moderate bias against anything British or French. For instance the 6 Pounder on a Churchill III in War Thunder get’s 127mm of pen at 100m on it’s best option for AP ammo, when in reality with APDS it had 177mm of pen at 100m. The French also get off badly, with their 47mm gun on many of their tanks having MUCH lower pen then they had in reality, in War Thunder they only have around 55mm of pen at 180m/200 yards, meanwhile in Reality they had about 80mm.

  • Interestingly enough, the 75 mm gun used on the Sherman, Churchill and Cromwell actually did better in high explosive tests (looking at radius and number of pieces of “lethal or disabling” shrapnel) than the 90 mm gun that was put on later US tanks. The 75 was a jolly good gun when it came down to all round performance. And another advantage the 6 pdr had over the anti tank guns that are around that 3 inch mark; it was smaller, and therefore easier to hide. Very important for an anti-tank gun.

  • Good to hear your defence of the humble six pounder AT. gun. My favourite use of it was in the De Havilland Mosquito XVIII, codenamed ‘Tsetse’. Given an automatic loader, and a custom built Molins muzzle brake, it was an incredibly fearsome anti-shipping weapon. Thankfully, Airfix made a 1/72 version of this. Of course I’ve got one. Carry on!

  • Ha!! “leager” “laager”. I remember having this argument with my instructors as a new armoured corp recruit. We still “leager up” as an admin/ tactical drill. When I first heard the word leager, I questioned it and asked that surely they meant laager, but no. Somewhere in commonwealth tactical doctrine the word laager, became leager. All our doctrine books use the word leager. I assume that’s how you spell it, it’s been 40 years since I’ve heard that word.

  • “What the blinking flip is going on?” Beautifully understated by LB. My father Frank served in the 20th NZ Armoured Infantry Btn in the 1st Battle of Alamein and Minqar Qaim and were hammered by Panzers. In my own meagre experience of Military engagement, effective communication was so critical, and as many men were affected by ear damage from unprotected detonations and repeated personal rifle-fire, the loss of an O.P. would have been the least of the concerns. In the 70s as a Territorial Infantryman I recall firing 2000 rounds from a GPMG on a night exercise and many of the rounds were “well-astray” as the dust kicked-up by the ejecting shells and links blinded me. I told my #2 to tell the Sctn Cmdr, a Corporal, but all he did was say “keeping shooting.” I might as well have had my eyes closed. A heavy piece of canvas placed under the “eject area” would have been perfect but typically it was never entertained by 2/1 RNZIR by the time I left. In hindsight the Allies were very lucky to win WW2 as they had better Intel and Bletchley Park’s code-breaking success was under-recognised. It had fuck-all to do with “character” “courage” and all those other notional superior character traits and you only have to look at the pooh-pooh racial superiority attitude of the Allies towards the Japanese at the outbreak of the S.E. Asian war (particularly in Singapore.) Asians in gymshoes were no match for blah blah blah etc. All their radios were pulled out of service to have their annual mtce just before the Japanese began their attack on Singapore (or so I’ve been told.

  • My Uncle Alf was in the Artillery in North Africa said they’d had to use their 25 pounders over open sights when they got ordered to be antitank and that they’d knocked over, toppled, some of the enemy tanks, guessing maybe lighter ones like the Italians? And that he wished he and his mates, young lads, hadn’t let their curiosity get the better of them and go look at what their shells had done…bounced around inside the enemy tanks and left the men as literal mincemeat…. he had lot of sympathy for the Italians he also said they LOVED their 6 pounders! 😉 huge improvement over the 2 pounder, “Useless f***ing spud gun!” as he said iirc lol and they set them up in triangles, like 2 spread fingers with one gun in the web of the “V”, so that anyway the enemy turned they could get a broad side hit, but, they sometimes THEY had to fire to get the enemy attention to make them line up right, or the first guys to open fire in any case usually got blown/shot to hell :/ antitank gunners had a short life on average He got buried alive twice by counter battery fire, so I guess he was back in regularly artillery role then? and he was only survivor of his pals on at least one of those occasions (he was Scots but his comrades were all Indian on one of those occasions, sorry was long time ago so I can’t recall everything, he died when I was about ten, he was a right character, lol!) He also said, for his experiences, Alamein wasn’t the worst, not nearly, he said another battle was much much worse, pure hell But I can’t recall what one cause I was just a kid, might have been Mersa Matruh or Sidi Barani?

  • Rivetted or bolted construction in tanks is always a bad idea. When plates deformed under fire, even without being penetrated, the bolts or rivets were prone to shearing, with the interior portion being transformed into crew-killing shrapnel. It’s part of what made the M3 Grants and Lees such an undesirable stop-gap prior to the introduction of the Sherman, and one of the drivers for the Sherman’s single-piece cast upper hull.

  • I read somewhere that when the Germans took over Italian troops gave them better weapons (though of course not the best the Germans had), a bit more training, and better leadership they fought as well as most troops. In both WWI and WWII the Italians seemed to suffer from poor leadership and poor preparation.

  • Haha, Lindy, the Boy Scouts on a ‘Snipe Hunt’ is an old practical joke – just a trick you play on the new guy. You set the kid under a tree at sunset, give him a bag, have him call out ‘Snipe….snipe!’ and tell him to throw the bag over the snipe when the bird walks up. You tell him everyone else will be flushing out the snipe toward him, but really everybody just sneaks back to camp. The idea is to see how long the lone kid will stay out there til he realizes he’s been had and makes it back to camp.

  • Just realised that even though I have the notification bell for everything this website puts out, but alas YouTube still wasn’t notifying me. I just randomly thought hmm haven’t seen anything from Lloyd in quite a while and I went to his website and saw four articles I was never notified about. I reset the notifications so we’ll see if that remedies the situation. But any way yet another great article, buts that’s no surprise they always are. He is honestly one of the most interesting people I’ve ever seen I’d love to share a few pints and play some wargames with him

  • My Dad was a 18yr old defending Bir el Gubi, a 47/32 anti-tank operator. The boys repeatedly held off over 5 days all commonwealth attempts to penetrate them, thereby preventing a flanking maneuvue part of Operation Crusader. When the regulars (with 40 panzers) came to their aid, they couldn’t believe the carnage the boys inflicted. They all got medals. Not once during the North African campaign was his Division over-run.

  • Eh LB, about the shell over-penetrating a Panzer III and hitting the next one behind him, remember that a shell can penetrate a tank and deal damage inside, damage that might not be obvious from the outside unless fuel or ammo are struck. While a shell, can also fail to penetrate the armor of a tank, and give a spectacular effect on the outside, but not much damage on the inside. You see that a lot in relatively modern shells like with HEAT ammo and ATGM missiles (they use the same principle). Inside the tank, it may send the turret flying, or it might fail to do any visible damage (if the tank is empty, out of fuel and ammo). But if the shells explodes outside the shell, you get a big boom. But seconds later, the tank is still moving, and maybe even firing and maneuvering.

  • Most radio transmissions at small unit level (below regiment) in WW2 were broadcast en clair (uncoded), so I assume you are either talking about communications between higher level units, else you mean just the code names for units and locations. Automatic encryption only became possible with modern electronics. In WW2 coding was manual and took time, even with mechanical encryption.

  • Italian tanks type m13/40 had 45 mm of frontal armor, very much comparable with the 50 mm of panzer 4, so I would not call it “thin paper armor”. The problem was that it was bolted, but as for thickness, it was an average medium tank for the time it was built. The idea that it was rubbish spread later in the war, when brits made new tanks and italians kept the same. But at the beginniing of the war, they were totally comparable to other medium-with bolted armor -with thin armor british tanks. Also the idea that Italian army was a joke was spread on purpose by allied propaganda to boost morale of the troops (and that of people in homeland), especially in the later stages of the war when allied casualties were hitting a hard toll. Italian army was no doubt inferior to the germans, Exactely as almost anyone, from a quality point of view, was inferior to the germans. It was not worse than French, polish and, in early stages of the war, it gave a hard time to british too (who in the end proved superior, but not as much as most people like to think). One noticeable thing is that many Italian soldiers liked to surrender in mass and this proves the different frame of mind related to the hardcore german nazi troops who fought till the last man. And being the grandson of one of those surrendered soldier, I say thanks to God they did!

  • Just one point about Monty – and this comes from my Dad (ex-8th Army). Yes, you could say he was just the lucky one that happened to be in charge after a succession of British commanders so may have not been that special. BUT, my Dad said the ‘Monty difference’ was the belief he instilled in his men. My Dad only respected two desert commanders; Monty and Rommel…. And despised Patton. In hindsight, it is easy to point to things like the quality of equipment that was coming to bear against the Africa Korps (like the new ‘Shermans’), the quality of intelligence available to the British (thanks to Bletchley Park) and even the fact that Hitler’s attention (and Germany’s resources) were now concentrating on the Soviet Union BUT, at the end of the day, it was the confidence instilled in the men of the 8th Army that carried the day. And that was given to them by Monty.

  • Loving the asides on “snipe” and “wet.” When I was in the Royal Yeomanry – there were far too many ‘wet’ officers for my liking – you missed the bit about them tending to look like lanky greasy flop-haired pieces of p**s and are not often all that bright! 😁 Story: Eventually I was in a reconnaisance squadron driving Boot Troop around in my Spartan APC, but before that was driving a Fox and had the squadron 2nd Lt. on board (I still shudder when I remember you, Miles) – slightest sign of trouble, transfer lever in reverse, and heading backwards before we even saw the target! Still, with the Fox being petrol-powered, I suppose it was for the best. One round through the fuel tank and 🔥…😀 Should’ve seen him leg-it though when we flipped turret-down on an exercise one day – he leapt-out before the thing went over, leaving me and the gunner trapped inside. We had to crank the body around on the turret gears so the gunner could get our of my driver’s hatch and not burn to death!! (Less said about the boiling water coming out of the BV…..!!) We were yelling for help. Where was Miles? Behind the bank that flipped us (I told him the track was unsafe – four tonner tracks were wider than our dainty Fox. Going round the bank, we slipped from the high rut to the low one, and over we went!)! What a git!!!

  • 21:07: Lindy exhibiting righteous patriotic anger, lol. Every young person should have someone like him as their history teacher. Summary: the 6 pounder was better, I’ll say again ‘better!’, than the German or American counterparts. “No hard feelings but could you please stop killing us”: rofl. Historical comedy: a new genre is born.

  • When you first said snipe I thought it was a misdirection. The American tradition of snipe hunting is usually meant to be a prank. You take someone at night to “hunt snipes”. From here it varies person to person, but the one I knew, you would give someone a bag and a sturdy stick, and lead them out into the middle of the woods, “split up” and then just leave, and so they’d be out alone in the woods looking for snipes (unsuccessfully of course) while they went “snipe snipe snipe!” In a high pitched voice because “that’s their mating call” while everyone else laughs it up back home or at the campsite. I didn’t even know it was a real bird until recently, and you don’t hunt them with a bag and a stick of course lmao.

  • The talk of officers not ducking reminds me of Rigsby in ‘Rising Damp’ talking about his officer in the dessert. Everyone was diving for cover but not the captain. He just leant back on his stick and said ‘where do you think that one’s coming from sergeant ?’ . ‘What happened to him?’. ‘He got blown up by a shell’

  • There was no “almost certainly fail” It was just a joke when I was in Boy Scouts. We always took the younger scouts, and myself when I was the younger scouts, on a Snipe Hunt there were never any snipes to be found, I don’t think they were even native to my region. I didn’t know until today they were actually a real bird

  • I enjoyed this article – many thanks and well done on the research. You should contact Netflix and suggest a mini-series of battle engagements like this although you’ll have to include some American action – perhaps the assault on Pointe-du-hoc, the defence of Bastogne and the taking of the bridge at Remagan? I’m sure you have a vast knowledge of suitably valiant ‘war stories’ which would translate well to the screen.

  • The 6 Pounder firing its APDS round was probably as good as the Panther gun shooting a standard capped round…. Once the Panther is firing Composite Rigid shots though its not even a comparison. The standard capped ammo for the 6 pounder was still good enough to punch through the front of a Tiger at 500m. But it was certainly a BIG mistake not equipping SOME of the Cromwells with 6 pounders to deal with Tigers whilst the 75mm Cromwells fought infantry and arty. (or build more A30 Challengers).

  • Thanks, Lloyd, for such a thorough and inspiring retelling. I already did have a good opinion of the 57 mm ATG, partly from an old Avalon Hill tabletop war game. Even in that game, a unit of 6 pounders could “disrupt” a unit of Tiger 1s. And yes, thank view ports severely restrict any view. Very much appreciate the explanation of what “wet” means in British slang. Only had a very vague idea, from Terry Pratchett.

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